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Step 3.5 Flash

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Step 3.5 Flash

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1. Introduction

Step 3.5 Flash (visit website) is our most capable open-source foundation model, engineered to deliver frontier reasoning and agentic capabilities with exceptional efficiency. Built on a sparse Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture, it selectively activates only 11B of its 196B parameters per token. This "intelligence density" allows it to rival the reasoning depth of top-tier proprietary models, while maintaining the agility required for real-time interaction.

2. Key Capabilities

Deep Reasoning at Speed: While chatbots are built for reading, agents must reason fast. Powered by 3-way Multi-Token Prediction (MTP-3), Step 3.5 Flash achieves a generation throughput of 100–300 tok/s in typical usage (peaking at 350 tok/s for single-stream coding tasks). This allows for complex, multi-step reasoning chains with immediate responsiveness.
A Robust Engine for Coding & Agents: Step 3.5 Flash is purpose-built for agentic tasks, integrating a scalable RL framework that drives consistent self-improvement. It achieves 74.4% on SWE-bench Verified and 51.0% on Terminal-Bench 2.0, proving its ability to handle sophisticated, long-horizon tasks with unwavering stability.
Efficient Long Context: The model supports a cost-efficient 256K context window by employing a 3:1 Sliding Window Attention (SWA) ratio—integrating three SWA layers for every full-attention layer. This hybrid approach ensures consistent performance across massive datasets or long codebases while significantly reducing the computational overhead typical of standard long-context models.
Accessible Local Deployment: Optimized for accessibility, Step 3.5 Flash brings elite-level intelligence to local environments. It runs securely on high-end consumer hardware (e.g., Mac Studio M4 Max, NVIDIA DGX Spark), ensuring data privacy without sacrificing performance.

3. Performance

Step 3.5 Flash delivers performance parity with leading closed-source systems while remaining open and efficient.

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Performance of Step 3.5 Flash measured across Reasoning, Coding, and Agentic Abilities. Open-source models (left) are sorted by their total parameter count, while top-tier proprietary models are shown on the right. xbench-DeepSearch scores are sourced from official publications for consistency. The shadowed bars represent the enhanced performance of Step 3.5 Flash using Parallel Thinking.

Detailed Benchmarks

Benchmark	Step 3.5 Flash	DeepSeek V3.2	Kimi K2 Thinking / K2.5	GLM-4.7	MiniMax M2.1	MiMo-V2 Flash
# Activated Params	11B	37B	32B	32B	10B	15B
# Total Params (MoE)	196B	671B	1T	355B	230B	309B
Est. decoding cost @ 128K context, Hopper GPU**	1.0x 100 tok/s, MTP-3, EP8	6.0x 33 tok/s, MTP-1, EP32	18.9x 33 tok/s, no MTP, EP32	18.9x 100 tok/s, MTP-3, EP8	3.9x 100 tok/s, MTP-3, EP8	1.2x 100 tok/s, MTP-3, EP8
			Agent
τ²-Bench	88.2	80.3 (85.2*)	74.3/85.4	87.4	86.6*	80.3 (84.1*)
BrowseComp	51.6	51.4	41.5* / 60.6	52.0	47.4	45.4
BrowseComp (w/ Context Manager)	69.0	67.6	60.2/74.9	67.5	62.0	58.3
BrowseComp-ZH	66.9	65.0	62.3 / 62.3*	66.6	47.8*	51.2*
BrowseComp-ZH (w/ Context Manager)	73.7	—	—/—	—	—	—
GAIA (no file)	84.5	75.1*	75.6/75.9	61.9*	64.3*	78.2*
xbench-DeepSearch (2025.05)	83.7	78.0*	76.0/76.7	72.0*	68.7*	69.3*
xbench-DeepSearch (2025.10)	56.3	55.7*	—/40+	52.3*	43.0*	44.0*
ResearchRubrics	65.3	55.8*	56.2/59.5	62.0*	60.2*	54.3*
			Reasoning
AIME 2025	97.3	93.1	94.5/96.1	95.7	83.0	94.1 (95.1*)
HMMT 2025 (Feb.)	98.4	92.5	89.4/95.4	97.1	71.0*	84.4 (95.4*)
HMMT 2025 (Nov.)	94.0	90.2	89.2*/—	93.5	74.3*	91.0*
IMOAnswerBench	85.4	78.3	78.6/81.8	82.0	60.4*	80.9*
			Coding
LiveCodeBench-V6	86.4	83.3	83.1/85.0	84.9	—	80.6 (81.6*)
SWE-bench Verified	74.4	73.1	71.3/76.8	73.8	74.0	73.4
Terminal-Bench 2.0	51.0	46.4	35.7*/50.8	41.0	47.9	38.5

Notes:

"—" indicates the score is not publicly available or not tested.
"*" indicates the original score was inaccessible or lower than our reproduced, so we report the evaluation under the same test conditions as Step 3.5 Flash to ensure fair comparability.
BrowseComp (with Context Manager): When the effective context length exceeds a predefined threshold, the agent resets the context and restarts the agent loop. By contrast, Kimi K2.5 and DeepSeek-V3.2 used a "discard-all" strategy.
Decoding Cost: Estimates are based on a methodology similar to, but more accurate than, the approach described arxiv.org/abs/2507.19427

Recommended Inference Parameters

For general chat domain, we suggest: temperature=0.6, top_p=0.95
For reasoning / agent scenario, we recommend: temperature=1.0, top_p=0.95.

4. Architecture Details

Step 3.5 Flash is built on a Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) transformer architecture, optimized for high throughput and low VRAM usage during inference.

4.1 Technical Specifications

Component	Specification
Backbone	45-layer Transformer (4,096 hidden dim)
Context Window	256K
Vocabulary	128,896 tokens
Total Parameters	196.81B (196B Backbone + 0.81B Head)
Active Parameters	~11B (per token generation)

4.2 Mixture of Experts (MoE) Routing

Unlike traditional dense models, Step 3.5 Flash uses a fine-grained routing strategy to maximize efficiency:

Fine-Grained Experts: 288 routed experts per layer + 1 shared expert (always active).
Sparse Activation: Only the Top-8 experts are selected per token.
Result: The model retains the "memory" of a 196B parameter model but executes with the speed of an 11B model.

4.3 Multi-Token Prediction (MTP)

To improve inference speed, we utilize a specialized MTP Head consisting of a sliding-window attention mechanism and a dense Feed-Forward Network (FFN). This module predicts 4 tokens simultaneously in a single forward pass, significantly accelerating inference without degrading quality.

5. Quick Start

You can get started with Step 3.5 Flash in minutes using Cloud API via our supported providers.

5.1 Get Your API Key.

OpenRouter now offers free trial for Step 3.5 Flash.

Provider	Website	Base URL
OpenRouter	https://openrouter.ai	https://openrouter.ai/api/v1
StepFun	https://platform.stepfun.ai	https://api.stepfun.ai/v1

5.2 Setup

Install the standard OpenAI SDK (compatible with both platforms).

Note: OpenRouter supports multiple SDKs. Learn more here.

5.3 Implementation Example

This example shows starting a chat with Step 3.5 Flash.

python

from openai import OpenAI
client = OpenAI(    api_key="YOUR_API_KEY",    base_url="https://api.stepfun.ai/v1", # or "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1"    # Optional: OpenRouter headers for app rankings    default_headers={        "HTTP-Referer": "<YOUR_SITE_URL>",         "X-Title": "<YOUR_SITE_NAME>",    })
completion = client.chat.completions.create(    model="step-3.5-flash", # Use "stepfun/step-3.5-flash" for OpenRouter    messages=[        {            "role": "system",            "content": "You are an AI chat assistant provided by StepFun. You are good at Chinese, English, and many other languages.",        },        {            "role": "user",            "content": "Introduce StepFun's artificial intelligence capabilities."        },    ],)
print(completion.choices[0].message.content)

6. Local Deployment

Step 3.5 Flash is optimized for local inference and supports industry-standard backends including vLLM, SGLang, Hugging Face Transformers and llama.cpp.

6.1 vLLM

We recommend using the latest nightly build of vLLM.

Install vLLM.

Launch the server.

Note: Full MTP3 support is not yet available in vLLM. We are actively working on a Pull Request to integrate this feature, which is expected to significantly enhance decoding performance.

For fp8 model

bash

vllm serve <MODEL_PATH_OR_HF_ID> \  --served-model-name step3p5-flash \  --tensor-parallel-size 8 \  --enable-expert-parallel \  --disable-cascade-attn \  --reasoning-parser step3p5 \  --enable-auto-tool-choice \  --tool-call-parser step3p5 \  --hf-overrides '{"num_nextn_predict_layers": 1}' \  --speculative_config '{"method": "step3p5_mtp", "num_speculative_tokens": 1}' \  --trust-remote-code \  --quantization fp8

For bf16 model

bash

vllm serve <MODEL_PATH_OR_HF_ID> \  --served-model-name step3p5-flash \  --tensor-parallel-size 8 \  --enable-expert-parallel \  --disable-cascade-attn \  --reasoning-parser step3p5 \  --enable-auto-tool-choice \  --tool-call-parser step3p5 \  --hf-overrides '{"num_nextn_predict_layers": 1}' \  --speculative_config '{"method": "step3p5_mtp", "num_speculative_tokens": 1}' \  --trust-remote-code

You can also refer to the Step-3.5-Flash recipe.

6.2 SGLang

Install SGLang.

Launch the server.

For bf16 model

bash

sglang serve --model-path <MODEL_PATH_OR_HF_ID> \  --served-model-name step3p5-flash \  --tp-size 8 \  --tool-call-parser step3p5 \  --reasoning-parser step3p5 \  --speculative-algorithm EAGLE \  --speculative-num-steps 3 \  --speculative-eagle-topk 1 \  --speculative-num-draft-tokens 4 \  --enable-multi-layer-eagle \  --host 0.0.0.0 \  --port 8000

For fp8 model

bash

sglang serve --model-path <MODEL_PATH_OR_HF_ID> \  --served-model-name step3p5-flash \  --tp-size 8 \  --ep-size 8 \  --tool-call-parser step3p5 \  --reasoning-parser step3p5 \  --speculative-algorithm EAGLE \  --speculative-num-steps 3 \  --speculative-eagle-topk 1 \  --speculative-num-draft-tokens 4 \  --enable-multi-layer-eagle \  --host 0.0.0.0 \  --port 8000

6.3 Transformers (Debug / Verification)

Use this snippet for quick functional verification. For high-throughput serving, use vLLM or SGLang.

python

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
MODEL_PATH = "<MODEL_PATH_OR_HF_ID>"
# 1. Setuptokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(MODEL_PATH)model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(    MODEL_PATH,    trust_remote_code=True,    torch_dtype="auto",    device_map="auto",)
# 2. Prepare Inputmessages = [{"role": "user", "content": "Explain the significance of the number 42."}]inputs = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(    messages,    tokenize=True,    add_generation_prompt=True,    return_dict=True,    return_tensors="pt",).to(model.device)
# 3. Generategenerated_ids = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=128, do_sample=False)output_text = tokenizer.decode(generated_ids[0][inputs.input_ids.shape[1]:], skip_special_tokens=True)
print(output_text)

6.4 llama.cpp

System Requirements

GGUF Model Weights(int4): 111.5 GB
Runtime Overhead: ~7 GB
Minimum VRAM: 120 GB (e.g., Mac studio, DGX-Spark, AMD Ryzen AI Max+ 395)
Recommended: 128GB unified memory

Steps

Use official llama.cpp:

the folder Step-3.5-Flash/tree/main/llama.cpp is obsolete

Build llama.cpp on Mac:

bash

cmake -S . -B build-macos \  -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \  -DGGML_METAL=ON \  -DGGML_ACCELERATE=ON \  -DLLAMA_BUILD_EXAMPLES=ON \  -DLLAMA_BUILD_COMMON=ON \  -DGGML_LTO=ONcmake --build build-macos -j8

Build llama.cpp on DGX-Spark:

bash

cmake -S . -B build-cuda \  -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \  -DGGML_CUDA=ON \  -DGGML_CUDA_GRAPHS=ON \  -DLLAMA_CURL=OFF \  -DLLAMA_BUILD_EXAMPLES=ON \  -DLLAMA_BUILD_COMMON=ONcmake --build build-cuda -j8

Build llama.cpp on AMD Windows:

Run with llama-cli

Test performance with llama-batched-bench:

7. Using Step 3.5 Flash on Agent Platforms

7.1 Claude Code & Codex

It's straightforward to add Step 3.5 Flash to the list of models in most coding environments. See below for the instructions for configuring Claude Code and Codex to use Step 3.5 Flash.

7.1.1 Prerequisites

7.1.2 Environment setup

Claude Code and Codex rely on Node.js. We recommend installing Node.js version > v20. You can install Node via nvm.

Mac/Linux:

bash

# Install nvm on Mac/Linux via curl：# Step 1curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.39.0/install.sh | bash
# Copy the full commandexport NVM_DIR="$HOME/.nvm"[ -s "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh"  # This loads nvm[ -s "$NVM_DIR/bash_completion" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/bash_completion"
# Users in China can set up npm mirrorconfig set registry https://registry.npmmirror.com
# Step 2nvm install v22
# Make sure Node.js is installednode --version
npm --version

Windows: You can download the installation file (nvm-setup.exe) from https://github.com/coreybutler/nvm-windows/releases. Follow the instructions to install nvm. Run nvm commands to make sure it is installed.

7.1.3 Use Step 3.5 Flash on Claude Code

Install Claude Code.

Configure Claude Code.

To accommodate diverse workflows in Claude Code, we support both Anthropic-style and OpenAI-style APIs.

Option A: Anthropic API style:

If you intend to use the OpenRouter API, refer to the OpenRouter integration guide.

Step 1: Edit Claude Settings. Update ~/.claude/settings.json.

You only need to modify the fields shown below. Leave the rest of the file unchanged.

Step 2: Start Claude Code.

Save the file, and then start Claude Code. Run /status to confirm the model and base URL.

txt

❯ /status─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────Settings:  Status   Config   Usage  (←/→ or tab to cycle)
Version: 2.1.1Session name: /rename to add a nameSession ID: 676dae61-259d-4eef-8c2f-0f1641600553cwd: /Users/step-test/Auth token: noneAPI key: ANTHROPIC_API_KEYAnthropic base URL: https://api.stepfun.ai/
Model: step-3.5-flashSetting sources: User settings

Option B: OpenAI API style

Note: OpenAI API style here refers to the chat/completions/ format.

We recommend using claude-code-router. For details, see https://github.com/musistudio/claude-code-router.

After Claude Code is installed, install claude-code-router :

Add the following configurations to ~/.claude-code-router/config.json.

json

{"PORT": 3456,"Providers": [  {    "name": "stepfun-api",    "api_base_url": "https://api.stepfun.com/v1/chat/completions",    "api_key": "StepFun_API_KEY",    "models": ["step-3.5-flash"],    "transformer":{         "step-3.5-flash": { "use": ["OpenAI"]}    }  }],"Router": {  "default": "stepfun-api,step-3.5-flash",  "background": "stepfun-api,step-3.5-flash",  "think": "stepfun-api,step-3.5-flash",  "longContext": "stepfun-api,step-3.5-flash",  "webSearch": "stepfun-api,step-3.5-flash"}}

You can now start Claude Code:

7.1.4 Use Step 3.5 Flash on Codex

Install Codex

Configure Codex Add the following settings to ~/.codex/config.toml, keeping the rest of the settings as they are.

json

model="step-3.5-flash"model_provider = "stepfun-chat"preferred_auth_method = "apikey"
# configure the provider[model_providers.stepfun-chat]name = "OpenAI using response"base_url = "https://api.stepfun.com/v1"env_key = "OPENAI_API_KEY"wire_api = "chat"query_params = {}

For Codex, wire_api only supports chat . If you use the responses mode, you'll need to change to chat. Please also switch model_provider to the newly configured stepfun-chat.

When finishing the configuration, run codex in a new Terminal window to start Codex. Run /status to check the configuration.

bash

/status📂 Workspace  • Path: /Users/step-test/  • Approval Mode: on-request  • Sandbox: workspace-write  • AGENTS files: (none)
🧠 Model  • Name: step-3.5-flash  • Provider: Stepfun-chat
💻 Client  • CLI Version: 0.40.0

7.1.5 Use Step 3.5 Flash on Step-DeepResearch (DeepResearch)

Use the reference environment setup below and configure MODEL_NAME to Step-3.5-Flash. https://github.com/stepfun-ai/StepDeepResearch?tab=readme-ov-file#1-environment-setup

8. Known Issues and Future Directions

Token Efficiency. Step 3.5 Flash achieves frontier-level agentic intelligence but currently relies on longer generation trajectories than Gemini 3.0 Pro to reach comparable quality.
Efficient Universal Mastery. We aim to unify generalist versatility with deep domain expertise. To achieve this efficiently, we are advancing variants of on-policy distillation, allowing the model to internalize expert behaviors with higher sample efficiency.
RL for More Agentic Tasks. While Step 3.5 Flash demonstrates competitive performance on academic agentic benchmarks, the next frontier of agentic AI necessitates the application of RL to intricate, expert-level tasks found in professional work, engineering, and research.
Operational Scope and Constraints. Step 3.5 Flash is tailored for coding and work-centric tasks, but may experience reduced stability during distribution shifts. This typically occurs in highly specialized domains or long-horizon, multi-turn dialogues, where the model may exhibit repetitive reasoning, mixed-language outputs, or inconsistencies in time and identity awareness.

9. Co-Developing the Future

We view our roadmap as a living document, evolving continuously based on real-world usage and developer feedback. As we work to shape the future of AGI by expanding broad model capabilities, we want to ensure we are solving the right problems. We invite you to be part of this continuous feedback loop—your insights directly influence our priorities.

Join the Conversation: Our Discord community is the primary hub for brainstorming future architectures, proposing capabilities, and getting early access updates 🚀
Report Friction: Encountering limitations? You can open an issue on GitHub or flag it directly in our Discord support channels.

📜 Citation

If you find this project useful in your research, please cite our technical report:

tex

@misc{huang2026step35flashopen,      title={Step 3.5 Flash: Open Frontier-Level Intelligence with 11B Active Parameters},       author={Ailin Huang and Ang Li and Aobo Kong and Bin Wang and Binxing Jiao and Bo Dong and Bojun Wang and Boyu Chen and Brian Li and Buyun Ma and Chang Su and Changxin Miao and Changyi Wan and Chao Lou and Chen Hu and Chen Xu and Chenfeng Yu and Chengting Feng and Chengyuan Yao and Chunrui Han and Dan Ma and Dapeng Shi and Daxin Jiang and Dehua Ma and Deshan Sun and Di Qi and Enle Liu and Fajie Zhang and Fanqi Wan and Guanzhe Huang and Gulin Yan and Guoliang Cao and Guopeng Li and Han Cheng and Hangyu Guo and Hanshan Zhang and Hao Nie and Haonan Jia and Haoran Lv and Hebin Zhou and Hekun Lv and Heng Wang and Heung-Yeung Shum and Hongbo Huang and Hongbo Peng and Hongyu Zhou and Hongyuan Wang and Houyong Chen and Huangxi Zhu and Huimin Wu and Huiyong Guo and Jia Wang and Jian Zhou and Jianjian Sun and Jiaoren Wu and Jiaran Zhang and Jiashu Lv and Jiashuo Liu and Jiayi Fu and Jiayu Liu and Jie Cheng and Jie Luo and Jie Yang and Jie Zhou and Jieyi Hou and Jing Bai and Jingcheng Hu and Jingjing Xie and Jingwei Wu and Jingyang Zhang and Jishi Zhou and Junfeng Liu and Junzhe Lin and Ka Man Lo and Kai Liang and Kaibo Liu and Kaijun Tan and Kaiwen Yan and Kaixiang Li and Kang An and Kangheng Lin and Lei Yang and Liang Lv and Liang Zhao and Liangyu Chen and Lieyu Shi and Liguo Tan and Lin Lin and Lina Chen and Luck Ma and Mengqiang Ren and Michael Li and Ming Li and Mingliang Li and Mingming Zhang and Mingrui Chen and Mitt Huang and Na Wang and Peng Liu and Qi Han and Qian Zhao and Qinglin He and Qinxin Du and Qiuping Wu and Quan Sun and Rongqiu Yang and Ruihang Miao and Ruixin Han and Ruosi Wan and Ruyan Guo and Shan Wang and Shaoliang Pang and Shaowen Yang and Shengjie Fan and Shijie Shang and Shiliang Yang and Shiwei Li and Shuangshuang Tian and Siqi Liu and Siye Wu and Siyu Chen and Song Yuan and Tiancheng Cao and Tianchi Yue and Tianhao Cheng and Tianning Li and Tingdan Luo and Wang You and Wei Ji and Wei Yuan and Wei Zhang and Weibo Wu and Weihao Xie and Wen Sun and Wenjin Deng and Wenzhen Zheng and Wuxun Xie and Xiangfeng Wang and Xiangwen Kong and Xiangyu Liu and Xiangyu Zhang and Xiaobo Yang and Xiaojia Liu and Xiaolan Yuan and Xiaoran Jiao and Xiaoxiao Ren and Xiaoyun Zhang and Xin Li and Xin Liu and Xin Wu and Xing Chen and Xingping Yang and Xinran Wang and Xu Zhao and Xuan He and Xuanti Feng and Xuedan Cai and Xuqiang Zhou and Yanbo Yu and Yang Li and Yang Xu and Yanlin Lai and Yanming Xu and Yaoyu Wang and Yeqing Shen and Yibo Zhu and Yichen Lv and Yicheng Cao and Yifeng Gong and Yijing Yang and Yikun Yang and Yin Zhao and Yingxiu Zhao and Yinmin Zhang and Yitong Zhang and Yixuan Zhang and Yiyang Chen and Yongchi Zhao and Yongshen Long and Yongyao Wang and Yousong Guan and Yu Zhou and Yuang Peng and Yuanhao Ding and Yuantao Fan and Yuanzhen Yang and Yuchu Luo and Yudi Zhao and Yue Peng and Yueqiang Lin and Yufan Lu and Yuling Zhao and Yunzhou Ju and Yurong Zhang and Yusheng Li and Yuxiang Yang and Yuyang Chen and Yuzhu Cai and Zejia Weng and Zetao Hong and Zexi Li and Zhe Xie and Zheng Ge and Zheng Gong and Zheng Zeng and Zhenyi Lu and Zhewei Huang and Zhichao Chang and Zhiguo Huang and Zhiheng Hu and Zidong Yang and Zili Wang and Ziqi Ren and Zixin Zhang and Zixuan Wang},      year={2026},      eprint={2602.10604},      archivePrefix={arXiv},      primaryClass={cs.CL},      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.10604}, }

License

This project is open-sourced under the Apache 2.0 License.