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Cataloged from lightonai/GTE-ModernColBERT-v1
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This is a multi-vector (ColBERT-style late interaction) embedding model trained on the ms-marco-en-bge-gemma dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to sequences of 128-dimensional dense vectors and can be used for semantic textual similarity using the MaxSim operator.
GTE-ModernColBERT has been trained with knowledge distillation on MS MARCO with a document length of 300 tokens, explaining its default value for documents length.
However, as illustrated in the ModernBERT paper, ColBERT models can generalize to documents lengths way beyond their training length and GTE-ModernColBERT actually yields results way above SOTA in long-context embedding benchmarks, see LongEmbed results.
Simply change adapt the document length parameter to your needs when loading the model:
ModernBERT itself has only been trained on 8K context length, but it seems that GTE-ModernColBERT can generalize to even bigger context sizes, though it is not guaranteed so please perform your own benches!
This model can be used with Sentence Transformers as a multi-vector (ColBERT-style late interaction) retriever via the MultiVectorEncoder:
First install the PyLate library:
PyLate provides a streamlined interface to index and retrieve documents using ColBERT models. The index leverages the Voyager HNSW index to efficiently handle document embeddings and enable fast retrieval.
First, load the ColBERT model and initialize the Voyager index, then encode and index your documents:
Note that you do not have to recreate the index and encode the documents every time. Once you have created an index and added the documents, you can re-use the index later by loading it:
Once the documents are indexed, you can retrieve the top-k most relevant documents for a given set of queries. To do so, initialize the ColBERT retriever with the index you want to search in, encode the queries and then retrieve the top-k documents to get the top matches ids and relevance scores:
If you only want to use the ColBERT model to perform reranking on top of your first-stage retrieval pipeline without building an index, you can simply use rank function and pass the queries and documents to rerank:
GTE-ModernColBERT is the first model to outpeform ColBERT-small on the BEIR benchmark. As reproduction in the IR domain is challenging, we worked closely with Benjamin Clavié, the author of ColBERT-small to reproduce the evaluation setup of this model. Despite all these efforts and reducing to the maximum the difference in scores in most of the datasets, some are still a bit different. For this reason, we also report the results of ColBERT-small in the same setup we used to evaluate GTE-ModernColBERT for completness and fair comparison.
GTE-ModernColBERT has been trained with knowledge distillation on MS MARCO with a document length of 300 tokens, explaining its default value for documents length. However, as illustrated in the ModernBERT paper, ColBERT models can generalize to documents lengths way beyond their training length and GTE-ModernColBERT actually yields results way above SOTA (almost 10 points above previous SOTA) in long-context embedding benchmark:
ModernBERT itself has only been trained on 8K context length, but it seems that GTE-ModernColBERT can generalize to even bigger context sizes, though it is not guaranteed so please perform your own benches!
NanoClimateFEVER, NanoDBPedia, NanoFEVER, NanoFiQA2018, NanoHotpotQA, NanoMSMARCO, NanoNFCorpus, NanoNQ, NanoQuoraRetrieval, NanoSCIDOCS, NanoArguAna, NanoSciFact and NanoTouche2020pylate.evaluation.pylate_information_retrieval_evaluator.PyLateInformationRetrievalEvaluatorNanoBEIR_meanpylate.evaluation.nano_beir_evaluator.NanoBEIREvaluatoreval_strategy: stepsper_device_train_batch_size: 16learning_rate: 3e-05bf16: Trueoverwrite_output_dir: Falsedo_predict: Falseeval_strategy: stepsprediction_loss_only: Trueper_device_train_batch_size: 16per_device_eval_batch_size: 8per_gpu_train_batch_size: Noneper_gpu_eval_batch_size: Nonegradient_accumulation_steps: 1eval_accumulation_steps: Nonetorch_empty_cache_steps: Nonelearning_rate: 3e-05weight_decay: 0.0adam_beta1: 0.9adam_beta2: 0.999adam_epsilon: 1e-08max_grad_norm: 1.0num_train_epochs: 3max_steps: -1lr_scheduler_type: linearlr_scheduler_kwargs: {}warmup_ratio: 0.0warmup_steps: 0log_level: passivelog_level_replica: warninglog_on_each_node: Truelogging_nan_inf_filter: Truesave_safetensors: Truesave_on_each_node: Falsesave_only_model: Falserestore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: Falseno_cuda: Falseuse_cpu: Falseuse_mps_device: Falseseed: 42data_seed: Nonejit_mode_eval: Falseuse_ipex: Falsebf16: Truefp16: Falsefp16_opt_level: O1half_precision_backend: autobf16_full_eval: Falsefp16_full_eval: Falsetf32: Nonelocal_rank: 6ddp_backend: Nonetpu_num_cores: Nonetpu_metrics_debug: Falsedebug: []dataloader_drop_last: Truedataloader_num_workers: 0dataloader_prefetch_factor: Nonepast_index: -1disable_tqdm: Falseremove_unused_columns: Truelabel_names: Noneload_best_model_at_end: Falseignore_data_skip: Falsefsdp: []fsdp_min_num_params: 0fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: Noneaccelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}deepspeed: Nonelabel_smoothing_factor: 0.0optim: adamw_torchoptim_args: Noneadafactor: Falsegroup_by_length: Falselength_column_name: lengthddp_find_unused_parameters: Noneddp_bucket_cap_mb: Noneddp_broadcast_buffers: Falsedataloader_pin_memory: Truedataloader_persistent_workers: Falseskip_memory_metrics: Trueuse_legacy_prediction_loop: Falsepush_to_hub: Falseresume_from_checkpoint: Nonehub_model_id: Nonehub_strategy: every_savehub_private_repo: Nonehub_always_push: Falsegradient_checkpointing: Falsegradient_checkpointing_kwargs: Noneinclude_inputs_for_metrics: Falseinclude_for_metrics: []eval_do_concat_batches: Truefp16_backend: autopush_to_hub_model_id: Nonepush_to_hub_organization: Nonemp_parameters:auto_find_batch_size: Falsefull_determinism: Falsetorchdynamo: Noneray_scope: lastddp_timeout: 1800torch_compile: Falsetorch_compile_backend: Nonetorch_compile_mode: Nonedispatch_batches: Nonesplit_batches: Noneinclude_tokens_per_second: Falseinclude_num_input_tokens_seen: Falseneftune_noise_alpha: Noneoptim_target_modules: Nonebatch_eval_metrics: Falseeval_on_start: Falseuse_liger_kernel: Falseeval_use_gather_object: Falseaverage_tokens_across_devices: Falseprompts: Nonebatch_sampler: batch_samplermulti_dataset_batch_sampler: proportionalmodel = models.ColBERT( model_name_or_path=lightonai/GTE-ModernColBERT-v1, document_length=8192,)ColBERT( (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 299, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: ModernBertModel (1): Dense({'in_features': 768, 'out_features': 128, 'bias': False, 'activation_function': 'torch.nn.modules.linear.Identity'}))pip install "sentence-transformers>=6.0.0"from sentence_transformers import MultiVectorEncoder
model = MultiVectorEncoder("lightonai/GTE-ModernColBERT-v1")
query = "Which planet is known as the Red Planet?"documents = [ "Venus is often called Earth's twin because of its similar size and proximity.", "Mars, known for its reddish appearance, is often referred to as the Red Planet.", "Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, has a prominent red spot.", "Saturn, famous for its rings, is sometimes mistaken for the Red Planet.",]
query_embeddings = model.encode_query(query)document_embeddings = model.encode_document(documents)print(query_embeddings.shape, document_embeddings[0].shape)# (12, 128) (18, 128)
# MaxSim late-interaction scoring (higher is more relevant)scores = model.similarity(query_embeddings, document_embeddings)print(scores)# tensor([[11.2577, 11.5113, 11.3457, 11.4518]])pip install -U pylatefrom pylate import indexes, models, retrieve
# Step 1: Load the ColBERT modelmodel = models.ColBERT( model_name_or_path=pylate_model_id,)
# Step 2: Initialize the Voyager indexindex = indexes.Voyager( index_folder="pylate-index", index_name="index", override=True, # This overwrites the existing index if any)
# Step 3: Encode the documentsdocuments_ids = ["1", "2", "3"]documents = ["document 1 text", "document 2 text", "document 3 text"]
documents_embeddings = model.encode( documents, batch_size=32, is_query=False, # Ensure that it is set to False to indicate that these are documents, not queries show_progress_bar=True,)
# Step 4: Add document embeddings to the index by providing embeddings and corresponding idsindex.add_documents( documents_ids=documents_ids, documents_embeddings=documents_embeddings,)# To load an index, simply instantiate it with the correct folder/name and without overriding itindex = indexes.Voyager( index_folder="pylate-index", index_name="index",)# Step 1: Initialize the ColBERT retrieverretriever = retrieve.ColBERT(index=index)
# Step 2: Encode the queriesqueries_embeddings = model.encode( ["query for document 3", "query for document 1"], batch_size=32, is_query=True, # # Ensure that it is set to False to indicate that these are queries show_progress_bar=True,)
# Step 3: Retrieve top-k documentsscores = retriever.retrieve( queries_embeddings=queries_embeddings, k=10, # Retrieve the top 10 matches for each query)from pylate import rank, models
queries = [ "query A", "query B",]
documents = [ ["document A", "document B"], ["document 1", "document C", "document B"],]
documents_ids = [ [1, 2], [1, 3, 2],]
model = models.ColBERT( model_name_or_path=pylate_model_id,)
queries_embeddings = model.encode( queries, is_query=True,)
documents_embeddings = model.encode( documents, is_query=False,)
reranked_documents = rank.rerank( documents_ids=documents_ids, queries_embeddings=queries_embeddings, documents_embeddings=documents_embeddings,)@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert, title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks", author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing", month = "11", year = "2019", publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084"}@misc{PyLate,title={PyLate: Flexible Training and Retrieval for Late Interaction Models},author={Chaffin, Antoine and Sourty, Raphaël},url={https://github.com/lightonai/pylate},year={2024}}@misc{GTE-ModernColBERT,title={GTE-ModernColBERT},author={Chaffin, Antoine},url={https://huggingface.co/lightonai/GTE-ModernColBERT-v1},year={2025}}